Examining the effect of Debris Flow on Oil and Gas Pipelines Using Numerical Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15377/2409-5710.2022.09.6Keywords:
Shear failure, Wall thickness, Impact of debris flow, Finite element modeling, Pipeline in east MalaysiaAbstract
This article examines the impact of debris flow on semi-exposed pipelines to determine the plastic deformation and stresses by considering pipe-debris flow interaction. A 3-D finite element approach was adopted to study the mechanical behavior of pipelines subjected to debris flow. Integration of pipeline property (thickness) with debris flow intensity (impact pressure and angle) was also considered in a finite element numerical model for semi-exposed. The analysis showed that the impact angle between 35° and 75° with an impact pressure of 200 kPa and 250 kPa significantly affected the stability and integrity of the pipeline. There was a slight impact of wall thickness on the stability of the pipeline due to the passive soil resistance. Maximum plastic deformation of 124 mm was encountered in the case of 35° impact angle, which was 3% more than the deformation observed at 20° impact angle.
Moreover, large distribution of von mises stresses was observed, as 1390 Mpa, 1450 Mpa, 1440 Mpa, and 1440 Mpa for impact angles of 20°, 35°, 75°, and 90° in the impacted zone of the pipeline in each set of analysis. Shear failure of the pipeline was observed during the analysis as von misses’ stresses were more than the yield stress (520 Mpa) of the pipeline. The developed model in this study can be utilized for further research and will be a basis for designing pipelines crossing through mountainous regions.
Downloads
References
Jakob M, Porter M, Savigny KW, Yaremko E. A geomorphic approach to the design of pipeline crossings of mountain streams. Proceedings of the Biennial International Pipeline Conference, IPC. 2004;1(January 2004):587-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2004-0239
Qinglu Deng XS and DZ. Risk Analysis of Oil Pipeline under Collapse and Rockfall at Different Heights of Rock Slope. In: Icptt 2011 © 2011 asce 1598. 2011. p. 1598-609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/41202(423)53
Kunert HG, Marquez AA, Fazzini P, Otegui JL. Failures and integrity of pipelines subjected to soil movements. Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis with Case Studies from the Oil and Gas Industry. 2016;105-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100117-2.00020-0
Baum BRL, Galloway DL, Harp EL. Landslide and Land Subsidence Hazards to Pipelines. 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081164
Wu Y, Li J. Finite element analysis on mechanical behavior of semi-exposed pipeline subjected to debris flows. Engineering Failure Analysis [Internet]. 2019;105(June):781-97. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.06.055
Gartner JE, Jakob M. Debris-flow risk assessment and mitigation design for pipelines in British Columbia, Canada. Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Monitoring, Modeling, and Assessment - Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation. 2019;677-84.
Service T. Guidelines for Evaluating Pipeline Channel Crossing Hazards to Ensure Effective Burial. 2019;(September).
El Amine Ben Seghier M, Keshtegar B, Correia JAFO, Lesiuk G, De Jesus AMP. Reliability analysis based on hybrid algorithm of M5 model tree and Monte Carlo simulation for corroded pipelines: Case of study X60 Steel grade pipes. Engineering Failure Analysis. 2019;97(December 2018):793-803. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.01.061
Dadfar B, El Naggar MH, Nastev M. Vulnerability of buried energy pipelines subject to earthquake-triggered transverse landslides in permafrost thawing slopes. Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice. 2018;9(4):1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000334
Yiğit A, Lav MA, Gedikli A. Vulnerability of natural gas pipelines under earthquake effects. Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice. 2018;9(1):1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000295
Syarifuddin M, Oishi S, Legono D. LAHAR FLOW SIMULATION IN MERAPI VOLCANIC AREA BY HyperKANAKO MODEL. Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser B1 (Hydraulic Engineering). 2016;72(4):I_865-I_870. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.72.I_865
Su H, Zio E, Zhang J, Li X. A systematic framework of vulnerability analysis of a natural gas pipeline network. Reliability Engineering and System Safety [Internet]. 2018;175:79-91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2018.03.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2018.03.006
Bugnion L, McArdell BW, Bartelt P, Wendeler C. Measurements of hillslope debris flow impact pressure on obstacles. Landslides. 2012;9(2):179-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0294-4
Wang Y, Liu X, Yao C, Li Y. Debris-Flow Impact on Piers with Different Cross-Sectional Shapes. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2020;146(1):04019045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001656
Matias LM, Cunha T, Annunziato A, Baptista MA, Carrilho F. Tsunamigenic earthquakes in the Gulf of Cadiz: Fault model and recurrence. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science. 2013;13(1):1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1-2013
Ali AM, Kareem HK. Numerical modelling of small scale model piles under axial static loads. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. 2020;15(6):3528-46.
Xiong J, Deng QL, Zhang HL, Pang WJ. Safety assessment on the response of buried pipeline caused by rockfall impact load. Safety and Environmental Engineering. 2013;20(1):108-14.
Peng S, Liao W, Liu E. Pipe-soil interaction under the rainfall-induced instability of slope based on soil strength reduction method. Energy Reports [Internet]. 2020;6:1865-75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.07.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.07.012
Yuan F, Wang L, Guo Z, Shi R. A refined analytical model for landslide or debris flow impact on pipelines. Part I: Surface pipelines. Applied Ocean Research [Internet]. 2012;35:95-104. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2011.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2011.12.001
Liu B, Liu XJ, Zhang H. Strain-based design criteria of pipelines. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 2009;22(6):884-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2009.07.010
Dinovitzer AS, Smith RJ. Strain-based pipeline design criteria review. In: International Pipeline Conference — Volume II ASME 1998 IPC1998-2089 STRAIN-BASED. 1998. p. 763-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC1998-2089
Esford F, Porter M, Savigny KW, Muhlbauer WK, Dunlop C. A risk assessment model for pipelines exposed to geohazards. Proceedings of the Biennial International Pipeline Conference, IPC. 2004;3(April):2557-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2004-0327
Gao H, Yu Z, Zhenyong Z, Shi H. The concepts for pipeline strain-based design. Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2010;4:476-82.
Zhang J, Liang Z, Han CJ. Failure analysis and finite element simulation of above ground oil-gas pipeline impacted by rockfall. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention. 2014;14(4):530-6.
Trust PS. Pipeline Basics & Specifics About Natural Gas Pipelines. In: Pipeline Briefing Paper #2 [Internet]. 2015. p. 1-9. Available from: http://pstrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2015-PST-Briefing-Paper-02-NatGasBasics.pdf
Khan MA, Mustaffa Z, Balogun ALB, Al-Bared MAM, Ahmad A. Role of the Rheological Parameters in Debris Flow Modelling. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2021;1092(1):012041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1092/1/012041
Stead D. The Zymoetz River rock avalanche , June 2002 , British Columbia , The Zymoetz River rock avalanche , June 2002 , British Columbia , Canada. 2006;(December 2017).
Lee EM, Fookes PG, Hart AB. Landslide issues associated with oil and gas pipelines in mountainous terrain. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. 2016;49(2):125-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2016-020
Ismail WMMW, Napiah MNMA, Zabidi MZM, Tuselim ASM. Managing Risk: Effective Use of Structural Reliability Assessment (SRA) and Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for Sabah-Sarawak Gas Pipeline (SSGP). In: Salama MM, Wang YY, West D, McKenzie-Johnson A, B A-Rahman A, Wu G, et al., editors. Pipeline Integrity Management Under Geohazard Conditions (PIMG) [Internet]. ASME Press; 2020. p. 0. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.861998_ch41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.861998_ch41
Kim BT, Kim YS. Back analysis for prediction and behavior of laterally loaded single piles in sand KSCE. J Civ Eng. 1999 Sep 1;3:273-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02823813
Khan MA, Sadique MR, Zaid M. Effect of Stratification on Underground Opening: A Numerical Approach. In: Advances in Transportation Engineering. Springer; 2019. p. 133-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7162-2_11
Ahmed J, Taha MR, Ghazali MA, Abdullah CH, Kuraoka S. Debris-flows in Peninsular Malaysia: Topography, geology, mechanism and sediment discharge. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2020;15(2):270-83.
Zhang W, Askarinejad A. Ultimate lateral pressures exerted on buried pipelines by the initiation of submarine landslides. Landslides. 2021;18(10):3337-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01711-8
Li RY, Chen JJ, Liao CC. Numerical study on interaction between submarine landslides and a monopile using cfd techniques. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021;9(7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070736
Liu J, Tian J, Yi P. Impact forces of submarine landslides on offshore pipelines. Ocean Engineering. 2015;95:116-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.12.003
Randolph MF, Seo D, White DJ. Parametric Solutions for Slide Impact on Pipelines. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2010;136(7):940-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000314
Zhang J, Liang Z, Han CJ. Failure Analysis and Finite Element Simulation of Above Ground Oil-Gas Pipeline Impacted by Rockfall. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention [Internet]. 2014;14(4):530-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-014-9847-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-014-9847-x
Wu Y, Li J. Finite element analysis on mechanical behavior of semi-exposed pipeline subjected to debris flows. Engineering Failure Analysis [Internet]. 2019;105(June):781-97. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.06.055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.06.055
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Mohammed A.M. Al-Bared, Nursyahira Habeeb, Mudassir A. Khan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All the published articles are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
