Keywords
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Super Capacitor Energy Storage
Proportional plus Integral Controller
Ancillary Service
Power System Ancillary Service Requirement Assessment Indices.
How to Cite
Abstract
To ensure a quality power supply the power system should not only match the total generation with total load and the associated system losses but also should emphasis better Ancillary Services. Even small disturbances to the power system can result in wide deviation in system frequency and quick restoration process are of prime importance not only based on the time of restoration and also should ensure stability limits. This paper proposes various design procedures for computing Power System Ancillary Service Requirement Assessment Indices (PSASRAI) for a Two-Area Thermal Reheat Interconnected Power System (TATRIPS) in a restructured environment. As simple conventional Proportional plus Integral (PI) controllers are still popular in power industry for frequency regulation as in case of any change in system operating conditions new gain values can be computed easily even for multi-area power systems, this paper focus on the computation of various PSASRAI for Two Area Thermal Reheat Interconnected Power System in restructured environment based on the settling time and peak undershoot concepts of control input deviations of each area. Energy storage is an attractive option to augment demand side management implementation, so storage devices like Super Capacitor Energy Storage (SCES) and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit can be efficiently utilized to meet the peak demand. So the design of the Proportional plus Integral (PI) controller gains for the restructured power system without and with the storage units are carried out using Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) algorithm. These controllers are implemented to achieve a faster restoration time in the output responses of the system when the system experiences with various step load perturbations. In this paper the PSASRAI are calculated for different types of possible transactions and the necessary remedial measures to be adopted are also suggested. If PSARAI based on settling time lies between 1 to 1.5 and if PSARAI based on peak undershoot is less than 0.2 distributed generation has to be incorporated and if the limit exceeds then the system becomes vulnerable and may result to black outs.References
Mukta, Surjan BS. Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Power System in Deregulated Environment: A Literature Review. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 2013; 2(3): 435-441. ISSN: 2249 - 8958
Pandey S, Mohanty SR, Kishor N. A literature survey on load-frequency control for conventional and distribution generation power systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2013; 25: 318-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.029
Demiroren A, Zeynelgil HL. GA application to optimization of AGC in three-area power system after deregulation. Electrical Power and Energy System 2007; 29(3): 230-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2006.07.005
Shayeghi H, Shayanfar HA, Malik OP. Robust Decentralized Neural Networks Based LFC in a Deregulated Power System. Electric Power System Research 2007; 77: 241-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2006.03.002
Shayeghi H, Shayanfar HA, Jalili A. Load frequency Control Strategies: A state-of-the-art survey for the researcher. Energy Conversion and Management 2009; 50(2): 344-353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.09.014
Bhatt P, Roy R, Ghoshal SP. Optimized multi area AGC simulation in restructured power systems. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2010; 32: 311-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2009.09.002
Farook S, Sangameswara Raju P. AGC controllers to optimize LFC regulation in deregulated power system. International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology 2011; 1(5): 278-289.
Anjana KSS, Sridhar M. Analysis and Design of Controller for Two Area Deregulated AGC System. International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering: National Conference on Research Trends in Computer Science and Technology 2012; 3(1): 126-132.
Garg I. Multi-Area Load Frequency Control Implementation in Deregulated Power System. International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering 2012; 2(2) 183-187. ISSN: 2231-2307,
Donde V, Pai MA, Hiskens IA. Simulation and Optimization in an AGC System after Deregulation. IEEE Transaction on Power System 2001; 16(3): 481-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.932285
Kumar P, Kazmi SA, Yasmeen N. Comparative study of automatic generation control in traditional and deregulated power environment. World Journal of Modelling and Simulation 2010; 6(3): 189-197. ISSN: 1746-7233
Subbaramaiah K, Veera Reddy VC. Design of Fuzzy Logic Controller For Automatic Generation Control of TCPS Based Hydrothermal System Under Deregulated Scenario. International Review on Modelling and Simulations 2011; 4(3): 1248-1256.
Chidambaram IA, Paramasivam B. Optimized Load- Frequency Simulation in Restructured Power System with Redox Flow Batteries and Interline Power Flow Controller. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2013; 50: 9-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.02.004
Velusami, Chidambaram IA. Decentralized Biased dual mode controllers for Load-frequency control of interconnected power system. Electric Power Components and Systems 2006; 34(10): 1057-1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325000600630327
Demiroren A, Yesil E. Automatic generation control with fuzzy logic controllers in the Power system including SMES units. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2004; 26: 291-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2003.10.016
Sathans, Swarup A. Automatic Generation Control of two area power system with and without SMES: from Conventional to Modern and Intelligent Control. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 2011; 3(5): 3693-3707.
Ngamroo I, Mitani Y, Tsuji K. Application of SMES coordinated with solid-state Phase Shifter to Load Frequency Control. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 1999; 9(2): 322-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.783300
Bhongade S, Gupta HO, Tyagi B. Performance of SMES unit on Artificial Neural Network based Multi-area AGC scheme. Journal of Power Electronics & Power Systems 2011; 1(1): 1-12.
Jalili A, Shayeghi H, Tabatabaci NM. Fuzzy PID controller based on LFC in the deregulated power system including SMES. International Journal on Technical and Physical Problem of Engineering 2011; 3(3): 38-47.
Ray PK, Mohanty SR, Kishor N. Small-Signal Analysis of Autonomous Hybrid Distributed Generation Systems in Presence of Ultra-capacitor and Tie-Line Operation. Journal of Electrical Engineering 2010; 61(1): 205-214.
Mairaj ud din Mufti, Lone SA, Iqbal SJ, Ahmad M, Ismail M. Super-capacitor based energy storage system for improved load frequency control 2009; 79: 226-233.
Abraham RJ, Das D, Patra A. Automatic Generation Control of an Interconnected Power System with Capacitive Energy Storage. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2010; 3(1): 387-97.
Marimuthu P, Govindaraju C. Load Frequency Control of Hydrothermal System Under Open Market Considering Capacitive Energy Storage. International Review on Modelling and Simulations 2012; 5(5): 2307-2313.
Hiyama T, Zuo D, Funabashi T. Automatic Generation Control of stand alone power system with energy capacitor system. IEE Conference on Power System Management and Control 2002; 59-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20020011
Passino KM. Biomimicry of bacterial foraging for distributed optimization and control. IEEE Control System Magazine 2002; 22(3): 52-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCS.2002.1004010
Peer Mohamed M, Mohamed Ali EA, Bala Kumar I. BFOA Based Tuning of PID Controller For A Load Frequency Control In Four Area Power System. International Journal of Communications and Engineering 2012; 3(2): 55-64. ISSN: 0988-0382E
Paramasivam B, Chidambaram IA. Bacterial Foraging Optimization Based Load-Frequency Control of Interconnected Power Systems with Static Synchronous Series Compensator. International Journal of Latest Trend in Computing 2010; 1(2): 7-15.
Prakash S, Sinha SK. Artificial Intelligent and PI in Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Power system. International Journal of Computer Science & Emerging Technologies 2010; 1(4): 377-384. (E-ISSN: 2044-6004)
All the published articles are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.