Magneto-Radiative Slip Flow of Couple Stress Cu–Al₂O₃ Hybrid Nanofluid over a Stretching Sheet with Activation Energy
Keywords:
Thermal radiation effects, Couple stress hybrid nanofluid, Stretching sheet boundary layer, Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow, Activation energy and mass transfer.Abstract
This research focuses on enhancing heat transfer performance through the use of a couple stress hybrid nanofluid, representing a notable advancement in nanofluid-based thermal technologies. A mixture of copper (Cu) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles is dispersed in a base fluid composed of equal proportions of ethylene glycol and water, forming a hybrid nanofluid selected for its enhanced thermal conductivity and suitability for industrial applications such as cooling devices, refrigeration systems, and food processing operations. This study investigates the influence of several key factors—namely first-order velocity slip, magnetic field effects, internal heat generation/absorption, thermal radiation and activation energy—on the flow, thermal and concentration characteristics of the nanofluid. The analysis is carried out by converting the governing partial differential equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations, followed by numerical integration using MATLAB’s ode45 solver. Results are presented graphically to illustrate the influence of varying physical parameters on the hydrodynamic, thermal, and concentration characteristics. It is observed that an increase in magnetic field strength suppresses the fluid velocity due to the action of the Lorentz force, while simultaneously enhancing the temperature and concentration fields. Similarly, greater values of the couple stress parameter lead to an increase in fluid velocity and a simultaneous reduction in temperature and concentration. In addition, the concentration profile is found to improve significantly with higher activation energy. An increase in the magnetic parameter and the couple stress parameter restrains fluid motion and reduces the thickness of the thermal boundary layer, which in turn produces a sharper temperature gradient at the wall. This study offers valuable insights into optimizing thermal systems by manipulating flow and thermal parameters within couple stress hybrid nanofluids.
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