Liquid Hydrogen Storage and Supply Systems for Commercial Vehicles: Technologies, Standards, and Global Progress
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15377/2409-5826.2026.13.2Keywords:
Cryogenic hydrogen technology, Liquid hydrogen storage systems, Hydrogen mobility and transportation, Hydrogen fuel cell commercial vehicles, Hydrogen refueling and supply systems.Abstract
Liquid hydrogen offers compelling advantages for heavy-duty commercial transportation, including high storage density, rapid refueling, and high-purity hydrogen supply, making it more cost-effective than high-pressure gaseous hydrogen for long-haul applications. This paper systematically reviews the global development of liquid hydrogen-fueled commercial vehicles, highlighting key performance indicators from representative models: General Motors' "Hydrogen-3" (400 km range, 90 kg storage system), Mercedes-Benz's GenH2 heavy-duty truck (1000 km range, 80 kg storage system), and China's BAIC Foton 49-ton tractor (1000 km range, 110 kg storage system). The technical progress in core components is detailed, including onboard liquid hydrogen tanks (whose daily evaporation rates have been optimized from 2%/day to ≤ 6%/day), vaporized hydrogen supply, refueling technology, and exhaust systems. Furthermore, this paper summarizes domestic and international industry standards and identifies the most critical challenges for large-scale commercialization. These priorities include the lightweight and insulation optimization of onboard tanks, the domestic production of key refueling components (e.g., liquid hydrogen pumps and nozzles), and the safety control of liquid hydrogen sloshing under harsh driving conditions. The results provide explicit technical guidance for the promotion of liquid hydrogen commercial vehicles in China.
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